Peningkatan Fungsi Kognitif Lansia melalui Senam Otak dan Skrining Kognitif
Abstract
Gangguan kognitif mempengaruhi sekitar 17% lansia di Indonesia dan 18,3% di Jawa Timur. Deteksi dini dan intervensi nonfarmakologis sangat penting untuk mempertahankan kesehatan kognitif pada populasi lanjut usia. Program pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan meningkatkan pengetahuan, melakukan deteksi dini, dan memberikan intervensi gangguan kognitif melalui kegiatan edukasi, skrining, dan senam otak terintegrasi. Metode pelaksanaan terdiri dari tiga tahap: (1) sesi edukasi di Poliklinik Neurologi RSSA dengan 74 peserta; (2) edukasi masyarakat, skrining kognitif menggunakan MoCA-INA, dan senam otek di Puskesmas Janti Malang dengan 75 peserta (90,7% perempuan, rerata usia 66 tahun); dan (3) program senam otak berkelanjutan selama tiga bulan dengan 8 sesi. Hasil skrining praintervesi menunjukkan 82,7% peserta mengalami gangguan kognitif (rerata skor MoCA-INA 20,25). Pascaintervesi, gangguan kognitif menurun menjadi 65,3%, sedangkan fungsi kognitif normal meningkat dari 17,3% menjadi 34,7%. Analisis korelasi Spearman menunjukkan korelasi positif sangat kuat antara pengukuran pertama dan kedua (r = 0,782; p < 0,001), namun melemah pada pengukuran ketiga (r = 0,241; p = 0,036). Program komprehensif ini efektif menurunkan prevalensi gangguan kognitif. Pendekatan berbasis komunitas ini menunjukkan potensi implementasi berkelanjutan sebagai strategi pencegahan penurunan kognitif pada lansia.
References
Chen, F. T., Etnier, J. L., Chan, K. H., Chiu, P. K., Hung, T. M., & Chang, Y. K. (2022). Effects of exercise training interventions on executive function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(7), 1597-1616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01651-3
Chhetri, J. K., Chan, P., Ma, L., Patel, K., Zheng, Z., Rodrίguez-Mañas, L., & Cesari, M. (2023). Prevention of disability in the frail older adult: A perspective from Asia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 24(1), 7-13.
Goldstein, R., & O'Neil-Pirozzi, T. M. (2023). Adherence to cognitive and physical exercise engagement: A challenge to successful dementia risk reduction and prevention efforts. Frontiers in Dementia, 2, 1254986.
Huang, X., Zhao, X., Li, B., Cai, Y., Zhang, S., Wan, Q., & Yu, F. (2022). Comparative efficacy of various exercise interventions on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 11(2), 212-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.05.003
Husein, N., Lumempouw, S., Ramli, Y., & Herqutanto. (2023). Montreal Cognitive Assessment versi Indonesia (MoCA-INA) untuk skrining gangguan fungsi kognitif. Neurona, 40(2), 123-131.
Jack, C. R., Andrews, J. S., Beach, T. G., Buracchio, T., Dunn, B., Graf, A., ... & Carrillo, M. C. (2023). Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's Association Workgroup. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 19(12), 5143-5169.
Kim, H., Jhoo, J. H., & Jang, J. W. (2023). The effect of telemedicine on cognitive function in older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e43479.
Kivipelto, M., Mangialasche, F., Snyder, H. M., Allegri, R., Andrieu, S., Arai, H., ... & Carrillo, M. C. (2024). World-Wide FINGERS Network: A global approach to risk reduction and prevention of dementia. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 20(1), 160-175.
Laksmidewi, A. A. A. P., Sudewi, A. A. R., Adiputra, N., Antari, D., & Suliani, O. (2019). Brain vitalization gymnastics improved cognitive function marked by increased BDNF, decreased serum interleukin-6 and decreased S-100β expression among elderly in West Denpasar Primary Health Clinic. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(21), 3596-3602.
Lee, S., Bae, S., Ryou, J., Chung, J., Moon, J., Yoon, I. Y. & Kim, H. C. (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of mild cognitive impairment in Korean older adults: Findings from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 37(15), e118.
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Liu, K. Y., Costafreda, S. G., Selbæk, G., Alladi, S., ... & Mukadam, N. (2024). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission. The Lancet, 404(10452), 572-628.
Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Levälahti, E., Laatikainen, T., Lindström, J., Peltonen, M., ... & Kivipelto, M. (2022). Recruitment and baseline characteristics of participants in the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER)—A randomized controlled lifestyle trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1791.
Nguyen, T. T., Haque, M. M., Cai, D., Chen, R., & Kim, S. (2023). Multimodal exercise and cognitive training intervention for older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 92(1), 79-96.
Northey, J. M., Pumpa, K. L., Quinlan, C., Ikin, A., Toohey, K., Smee, D. J., & Rattray, B. (2024). Cognition in breast cancer survivors: A pilot study of interval and continuous exercise. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 27(1), 52-58.
Pugh, E. A., Kemp, E. C., van Dyck, C. H., Mecca, A. P., & Sharp, E. S. (2022). Effects of normative adjustments to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(7), 758-767.
Xu, W., Wang, L., Chen, M., & Li, Y. (2023). The effects of exercise for cognitive function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 4105.
Wen, W., Zhu, W., He, Y., Wu, L., Yang, J., Ye, X., Chen, X., Mao, Y., Peng, H., & Yang, X. (2023). The effects of exercise for cognitive function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1088.
Wimo, A., Seeher, K., Cataldi, R., Cyhlarova, E., Dielemann, J. L., Frisell, O., ... & Nichols, E. (2023). The worldwide costs of dementia in 2019. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 19(7), 2865-2873.
World Health Organization. (2023). Global status report on the public health response to dementia. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zhao, Y., Xiao, M., He, W., & Cai, Z. (2023). Mild cognitive impairment: Different aspects of impaired functional connectivity and their clinical relevance. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 91(2), 461-475.
